Several studies have documented sex differences in TL and, assuming no difference at birth, often inferred that the attrition rate differs between the sexes (reviewed in [ 18]).
Loss of water from olivine, which has often been inferred from both phenocryst olivines in magmas during eruption, or from olivines in xenoliths during their exhumation (e.g. Tollan et al. 2015 and references therein), may also affect speciation.
Apologies to those companies not listed The presence of apoptotic cells has often been inferred from a positive reaction to the TUNEL assay [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT -mediated dUTdT -mediatedck endUTPbeling].
Although meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) has been convincingly documented in mammals, and its presence in other taxa has often been inferred based on several lines of evidence [ 1], the widespread conservation of this phenomenon has been questioned by several recent studies, including ours, that have shown little evidence for MSCI in birds [ 2] and flies [ 3, 4].
The underlying mechanisms driving phenotypic variation in highly inbred lines, whether domesticated or wild, have often been inferred and have had limited experimental verification.
The differences between the distribution of pairwise differences in a set of sequences to a distribution based on a population expansion model or 'mismatch distribution' [70] has often been used to infer demographic history [71], [72].
Geographic distribution of the genetic diversity in domestic animals, particularly mitochondrial DNA, has often been used to infer centers of domestication.
Indeed, the very fact that genes tend to stay in a similar operon in widely different genomes has often been used to infer functional correlations (Overbeek et al., 1999; Rogozin et al., 2002), sometimes quite unexpected ones (Nitschké et al., 1998; Noria & Danchin, 2002).
Gene order pattern in metazoan mitochondrial DNA has often been used as an additional tool for inferring relationships [ 41- 43].
Other relict groups are often inferred to have lost original niche space over time [ 108] or to have been hindered in further diversification by the radiation of more derived taxa [ 109].
