Sentence examples for has often been estimated from inspiring English sources

The net ecosystem metabolism in lagoons has often been estimated from the net budget of dissolved nutrients.

Variation in habitat quality has often been estimated by habitat-specific densities or reproduction.

Virulence in plant-parasite interactions has often been estimated from the effect of parasite infection on plant growth.

The BNI potential of root exudates has often been estimated by using a recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea strain (harbouring luxAB genes from Vibrio harveyi) in a bioluminescence assay (Iizumi et al., 1998; Ishikawa et al., 2003).

The risk of experiencing a road traffic accident while exposed to psychotropic medications has often been estimated by means of pharmacoepidemiological studies, and, in particular, mainly by case control and case crossover studies [ 3].

The multinomial logit (MNL) and other more advanced discrete choice models (e.g., the mixed MNL model) have often been estimated on data from stated choice experiments and applied for planning and policy purposes.

The diameters of cellulose microfibrils have often been estimated on the assumption that they are approximately as wide as they are high [ 10], although the AFM study of Ding and Himmel [ 19] suggested that maize primary-wall microfibrils were about 3 nm high perpendicular to the [200] plane and 3.6 nm wide parallel to the [200] plane.

The Wingate test has often been used to estimate anaerobic performance in the combat sports domain, such as for judo and wrestling [10, 53].

The Bayesian approach has often been used to estimate sensitivities and specificities of tests in the absence of a gold standard, whether in veterinary or human medicine ([ 21- 23]).

The use of (conventional) case-control studies in diagnostic research has often been associated with biased estimates of diagnostic accuracy, due to the incorrect sampling of subjects [ 3- 6, 18].

Historically, it has often been the case that initial estimates of job growth come in too low during recoveries (this has been happening recently; figures have been revised upward for the past 10 consecutive months) but underestimate the degree of deterioration in the jobs market when we are in an economic slump.