Studies of selective attention have traditionally been restricted to higher animals such as humans and monkeys, and as a result, our understanding of the phenomenon has often been confounded by our lack of understanding of the nature of consciousness and its relation to attention.
Veterans of the long push to expand and commercialize machine intelligence say that efforts to market it have often been confounded by the tendency of experts continually to raise the threshold of what they consider true artificial intelligence.
Although several tests aiming to assess emotions exist (see, for example, [29]), these have often been confounded by concomitant cognitive processes, such as appraisal [30], [31], decision making [32], or memory [33], [34].
Thus, these two variables, personal involvement and action probability, may have often been confounded.
Studies of obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome have often been confounded by current medications.
Previous studies that have demonstrated genetic benefits of polyandry have often been confounded by differential maternal investments (reviewed by [ 8]).
The yoked design allows us to test the effect of two variables that have often been confounded: Personal involvement (Active vs. Yoked Group) and p(C).
Moreover, previous research has often been limited to small, clinically based samples with limited external generalizability as well as limited multivariable modeling to remove confounding.
These concepts have often been confused and/or confounded in the literature on color combinations, as we explain below.
11 29–32 The differences have often been attributed to methodological problems such as confounding bias, different measures and methods of assessment, the lack of standardised procedures, and variations in care.
