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Most of this increase has occurred in developing countries, where population, urbanization and economic growth have been the main driving factors.
The most rapid growth has occurred in developing countries, which commonly rely on recycling used lead-acid batteries (ULABs) to meet their demand for lead [ 6].
Although informal e-waste recycling has occurred in developing countries for more than a decade, and high toxicant exposures in vulnerable population have been reported, few attempts have been made to intervene and reduce exposures in the local communities.
Similar to what has occurred in developing countries, the introduction of water and sanitation technology into remote community households has not automatically resulted in changes in childcare practices and hygiene behaviour [ 46].
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Furthermore, the epidemiological transition that has occurred in developed countries leading to the modern rise in obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, autoimmune disorders (Gillespie et al. 2004; Tedeschi and Airaghi 2006), and certain types of cancers (Dinse et al. 1999) has led to predictions of decreased life expectancy for future generations (Olshansky et al. 2005).
The burden of RHD in developed nations has changed dramatically over the past century while far fewer reductions have occurred in developing countries.
Hepatitis E, an acute self-limiting disease, occurs worldwide; large outbreaks have occurred in developing countries, as was recently reported from Uganda (2 ).
Over the last decades, major increases in meats production have occurred in developing countries and this will continue – especially for poultry and pork.
By the end of this year, about 99% of the world's maternal deaths will have occurred in developing regions, with Sub-Saharan Africa alone accounting for 2 in 3 (66%) deaths.
Some recent incidents involving children's harm from environmental chemical exposures have occurred in developing countries (e.g., the recent epidemic of severe childhood lead poisoning in Nigeria) and countries in transition (e.g., melamine in infant formula in China), but others have occurred in highly industrialized countries (e.g., the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan).
The societal changes that have occurred in developed countries since the 1960s and now seem to be durable, resulted in below-replacement fertility levels.
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