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Coalescent simulations showed that fixation of song types has occurred faster than expected under neutrality but the null hypothesis that morphological divergence resulted from drift was not rejected.
Coalescent analyses of the evolution of phenotypic traits suggest that the fixation of song types has occurred faster than would be expected by genetic drift, suggesting that the action of selection is driving song evolution in wedge-tailed sabrewings.
The coalescent analysis to evaluate whether vocal differentiation can be attributed to drift or selection, suggested that the fixation of song types assumed to be encoded by nuclear genes, has occurred faster than expected by genetic drift, providing evidence that selection is driving song evolution in wedge-tailed sabrewings.
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The evolution of the complement system (a group of proteins involved in immune responses) may have occurred faster than that of the immunoglobulin system.
In general, improvements over time have occurred faster among the least advantaged, but large gaps remain.
Thus the development of fatigue may have occurred faster in the drug-induced myotonia model than would occur in vivo in humans or animals with genetic CLC-1 chloride channel deficient myotonia.
We recognize that consistent morphological differences between populations may also be indicative of genomic divergence and we cannot rule out the possibility that this divergence may have occurred faster than mtDNA lineage sorting.
Therefore, the species-specific position and rearrangement of these genes could have occurred faster than the evolution of each protein, resulting in interference from the ancestor in the long-PCR analysis.
The range of s that can be reliably estimated by the method is limited: Even if we catch the sweep right at the time of fixation of the adaptive allele, it still needs to have occurred faster than the timescale of its own degradation by drift.
Despite the large shift, the change in direction was never recorded by magnetic declinations, fracture zone orientations or plate reconstructions; nor could a continental collision have occurred fast enough to produce such a pronounced bend in the chain.
Third, the speciation events of interest might have occurred fast enough that retention of ancestral polymorphisms, as has been observed elsewhere among conifers [ 47, 48, 50, 87], might inhibit convergence on a stable, well-supported topology.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com