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The accuracy of this scoring system has never been validated.
However, this clinical tool has never been validated externally.
Moreover, the diagnostic accuracy of this new technology has never been validated against surgical findings.
However, this observation has never been validated due to the unavailability of an appropriate experimental design.
An indirect calibration method, however, is used to scale the S2 intensities, and has never been validated.
The popular idea that basic needs must be met before people can pursue "higher order" needs for self-fulfillment has never been validated by research.
Least-cost analysis has the capacities to fulfill these needs, but has never been validated against actual observations of dispersal paths.
The commonly adopted experiential approach to BUS competency has never been validated on a large scale, and has some limitations by design.
The equivalent laminate assumption is a commonly-used method to model the random architecture of discontinuous composites, but which has never been validated experimentally.
Several attempts at such measurements have combined eddy covariance (EC) measurements of the total net CO2 flux with flask measurements of the isotopic composition of CO2 in ambient air – an indirect method that has never been validated.
Despite their conclusion that the core-area model should be applicable to all fragments, regardless of size or shape, the model has never been validated beyond the limited range of parameters under which the model was constructed.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com