All but one study had multiple deficiencies in study designs.
Patients with liver disease often have multiple deficiencies of both procoagulant and anticoagulant factors.
Patients with pathological testing for more than one of the aforementioned micronutrients were categorised as having multiple deficiencies.
On the contrary, young infants frequently have multiple deficiencies and so, particularly when they are exclusively breastfed, they develop hematological disease with anemia and (in the most severe cases) pancytopenia.
Bwibo and Nuemann observed that food served to Kenyan children has multiple micronutrient deficiencies, placing child at risk of poor growth regardless of the quantity of food provided by the agricultural sector [ 45].
Although deficiency diseases have been described in laboratory animals and humans deprived of single vitamins, in human experience multiple deficiencies are usually present simultaneously.
Group 1 had isolated GHD (n = 9) and group 2 had multiple pituitary deficiencies (n = 12), including deficiencies of thyroid stimulating (n = 12), adrenocorticotropin (n = 8) and gonadotropin (n = 9) hormones.
Sixteen patients (76%) (95%) (CI 58 94) had isolated GHD and five (24%) (CI 6 42) had multiple pituitary deficiencies (MPD) with thyroid stimulating hormone deficiency in four and adrenocorticotrophin deficiency in two.
Of the anemic participants, 43.6% had microcytosis and 2.5% had macrocytosis, 66.7% were iron deficient, 30.8% were vitamin B12 deficient, and 15.4% were folate deficient; 30% had multiple micronutrient deficiencies (at least two of the above).
Individuals with osteomalacia frequently have multiple nutrient deficiencies.
