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In summary, the host has evolved to establish many processes that sustain unresponsiveness toward the commensal bacteria while at the same time maintaining responsiveness toward pathogens (Fig. 3).
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Thus, STIM and Orai in Urochordata might have evolved to establish the primordial functional properties of vertebrate-type ICRAC.
While the molecular mechanisms these parasites use to manipulate the phenotype of the infected cell are beginning to be understood [ 1], little is known about how different parasite species within a genus have evolved to establish infection in cells of different lineages or novel host species.
Macclesfield-based Plastic Card Services (PCS) was established by Rob Nicholls and Tim Holt in 1993 and has evolved to become a respected manufacturer of plastic cards and associated services.
Persistent viruses have evolved to co-exist with established host immunity.
Departments at the Universities of Stellenbosch, Ibadan, and Zimbabwe have evolved to become recognized academic departments and thus established entities in their institutions.
But evolution does not work like that.It has long been established that animals which have evolved to produce lots of offspring tend to do their breeding early.
It remains to be established why several mechanisms have evolved to maintain the low levels of the long 68-kDa spastin isoform in most cells and tissues.
We have evolved to need coercion.
The first step in determining how the genomes of this karyotypically diverse group have evolved is to establish the level of conservation between different reptilian species, as well as more broadly with birds and mammals.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has evolved as an established treatment in patients with severe heart failure refractory to optimized neurohumoral therapy.
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