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Exposure has either been defined from job titles [ 7, 8, 13, 17] or exposure to certain tasks, estimated from job titles [ 5, 20] or retrospectively by interviewing participants [ 6, 11, 14- 16, 21].
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Quality criteria have either been defined as expert standards [ 13] or based on the outcome variables in studies of family caregiver interventions [e.g. [ 14]].
The majority of studies that have evaluated potential therapies for FSGS have either been uncontrolled, had poorly defined end-points, or had treatment periods of insufficient length [ 1, 46].
You will either be defined as the people who worked to grow as parents, or the people who should never have been parents in the first place.
It is either recorded as a dichotomous outcome or using a grading scale (e.g. mild, moderate and severe) and the criteria for either have not been defined.
The current evidence supports the contention that differences in morphology result from secondary genetic events [ 20, 21] rather than a difference in the target cell, although the target cell for either major grouping has not been defined.
It has also been defined as a process, either conscious or unconscious, wherein the person with mental illness accepts diminished expectations both for and by him or herself [ 19].
The course, such as it is, is essentially unmodified terrain that has been defined either as fairway, tee, green or rough by markers and flags.
In previous trials of adults with ADHD, clinical response has been defined either as at least a 30% decline from baseline in symptom scores on a validated rating scale of adult ADHD symptom severity [ 6, 23, 24] or as very much improved or much improved on ratings of global improvement at endpoint [ 3, 4, 25].
Either way, it shows that someone recognized that these pictures tip-toe a line that has never been defined.
The ideal endpoint for clinical studies on GDT has not yet been defined either--mortality may not be adequate for the supportive therapy of volume resuscitation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com