Different disease subtypes probably have distinct risk profiles.
The results also emphasize that these subgroups have distinct risk factors for mortality.
Case-case studies are a variant of case control studies when the disease of interest can be sub-classified in two or several groups that may have distinct risk factors [ 11].
Several groups have now demonstrated that ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers have their prognosis governed by distinct biological processes [ 18, 19] and that at least some of these subtypes (for example, basal-like) have distinct risk factors, clinical presentation, histological features, response to therapy, and outcome [ 2, 3, 20].
There is likely a bias in the data towards under-reporting the least important wounds (pressure ulcers quickly healed, minor stage 1 pressure ulcers); whether these types of individuals have distinct risk factors is unknown, but it is likely that measured risk factors operate in a similar fashion to those experiencing more severe pressure ulcers.
Hence, there were too few studies (3) for which we had distinct risk of bias judgements of primary journal publications (many studies for which we have clinical study reports were and remain unpublished, eg, 8 of the 13 trials in adults).
As knee and hip OA have distinct risk factors, in this study we aimed to determine (i) whether HBM is also associated with knee OA, and (ii) whether the HBM knee OA phenotype demonstrates a similar pattern of radiographic features to that observed at the hip.
Evident also was the potential for cascading or compound risks, such as blackouts during extreme heat events, and that these events have their own distinct risk profiles.
Subjects in any of these three pre-diabetic states have moderate to severe insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion and/or insulin sensitivity, and each state has distinct pathophysiologic etiologies and risks of developing into T2D [ 6, 7].
Histologically, esophageal cancer occurs in two major forms, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma, each of which has distinct geographic patterns of incidence and risk factors [ 3, 4].
