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Before Dolly, scientists thought that cell differentiation was irreversible: they believed that, once a cell has differentiated into a specialized body cell, such as a skin or liver cell, the process cannot be reversed.
Although naive cells can become any one of the four effector phenotypes, once a cell has differentiated into a Th1 or Th2 cell, it is difficult to induce further differentiation because of the deep Th1 and Th2 attractor basins.
A walnut is a drupe in which the pericarp has differentiated into a fleshy outer husk and an inner hard "shell"; the "meat" represents the seed two large convoluted cotyledons, a minute epicotyl and hypocotyl, and a thin papery seed coat.
b The archesporial cell has differentiated into the megasporocyte.
The hippocampus has differentiated into an extensively connected recurrent stage (CA3) followed by a feed-forward stage (CA1).
By this time, the merozoite has differentiated into an amoeboid ring-stage parasite (Gruring et al., 2011; Riglar et al., 2011).
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In the western blot analysis, the neuronal markers, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and βIII-tubulin, were also detected and highly expressed in differentiated P19 cells, indicating that the cells had differentiated into neurons.
More importantly, they showed that most of the transplanted NSCs had differentiated into oligodendrocytes and neurons and that astrocytic differentiation was rare.
These results indicate that ADSCs after 12 days of differentiation express most of the chondrocytic gene markers, suggesting that they have differentiated into normal chondrocytes.
Parenchyma cells are capable of cell division, even after they have differentiated into the mature form.
The hope is that they can be harvested from the patient and reimplanted once they have differentiated into photoreceptors.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com