Several studies have demonstrated defective macrophage and DC migration and adhesion, and more recent studies also suggest impaired trafficking of T and B cells as well as neutrophils.
Moreover, in patients with rheumathoid arthritis, studies have demonstrated defective suppressor function of peripheral blood Treg that normalized following Infliximab therapy [ 33, 34].
- Interestingly, emerging evidence has demonstrated accumulation of defective autophagosomes and undegraded protein aggregates in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD), Huntington disease (HD), and Parkinson disease (PD.
Previous work has demonstrated that a differentiation-defective subclone of the U937 cell line, termed TUR (TPA-U937-resistant), fails to express significant levels of CD11b after TPA treatment [ 10].
However, recent evidence has demonstrated impaired oxidative phosphorylation and defective mitochondrial homeostasis in a number of disorders [ 2, 3].
Some genes of the DosR regulon are known to be important T-cell antigens [46] and recent work has demonstrated that the attenuated BCG vaccine is defective for induction of two dormancy genes, narK2 and narX [47].
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These have demonstrated that defective methylation patterns in such genes are associated with abnormal spermatogenesis.
Recent studies have demonstrated that defective autophagy has a complicated correlation with many human diseases, including neuronal degeneration [2], immune disorders [6], myopathy, and cancer [7], [8].
