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Innovation has commonly been understood as the '… implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations.' (OECD, Eurostat 2005).
A brief survey of a few notable thinkers suggests that coercion has commonly been understood as a use of a certain kind of power for the purpose of gaining advantages over others (including self-protection), punishing non-compliance with demands, and imposing one's will on the will of other agents.
What real evidence is there that tomorrow's knowledge workers-those earnest and motivated college grads-will actually enjoy a middle-class standard of living as that standard has commonly been understood?
If transmission occurred at this elevation, it is above what has commonly been understood as the upper bound for transmission in Haiti.
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Diet manipulation has commonly been used to understand the relationship between reproductive investment and aging [8] [11], the influence of condition on female preference and male sexual advertisement [12] [14] and the nature of sexual dimorphism [15], [16].
It has commonly been used to understand and identify meanings in communication and the processes of the hidden curriculum in the health sector [ 5, 49, 50].
Conventional geoscientific methods have commonly been used to understand the causes and recurrence intervals of rapid coastal change but these methods have not always proved adequate to.
Magnetic susceptibility and rock magnetism have commonly been used to understand the physical characteristics and chemical processes of fault slip zones (Enomoto and Zheng 1998; Nakamura and Nagahama 2001; Ferré et al. 20052012).
Gender-specific differences in offspring phenotype have commonly been observed in DOHaD-related studies [ 2, 6, 16, 17, 20], but the underlying mechanisms are not understood yet.
To understand transmission patterns and detect outbreaks of VTEC O157 H7, subtyping methods such as phage typing and PFGE have commonly been used [ 4- 8].
The community Farid left behind, at least as he and other young Alawites describe it, is more fearful and isolated than has been commonly understood.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com