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This has been understood since the days of Thomas Edison.
By contrast, the role of incentives in promoting general welfare has been understood since at least 1776, with the publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations.
For thousands of years it has been rolling up its sleeves and tirelessly going about its deadly business with cool disregard for IQ, sex, class, race, occupation or even geographical boundaries.The cause of the disease is fairly simple, and has been understood since 1882, when Robert Koch in Berlin discovered microbacterium tuberculosis.
Thus, the monotonicity of the particle density in its dependence on the potential U of Schrödinger's operator which has been understood since the late 1980s follows as a special case.
The amendment, enacted after the Civil War with the intention of prohibiting discrimination against former slaves, has been understood since the 1970s to also provide protections against gender discrimination.
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They have been understood since at least the 1980s, through the writings of Amory B. Lovins and other thinkers.
Although the ammonia-soda process had been understood since 1811, a suitable and economical means of large-scale commercial production had evaded industrial chemists.
Although the basic mechanics of evolution have been understood since Darwin, debate continues over whether macroevolutionary phenomena are driven by the fitness structure of genotype space or by ecological interaction.
The inefficiencies of a hugely varied product line have been understood since the days of Henry Ford, who made a bundle by offering his Model T in any color so long as it was black.
Though the Quran does not mention Jerusalem by name, it has been understood by Islamic scholars since the earliest times that many passages in the Quran refer to Jerusalem.
The liberal use of the word is thus also a way of distributing its balm more widely: at least since Aristotle, tragedy has been understood as an explicitly therapeutic dramatic form, a purgative treatment for lingering social maladies.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com