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Poisons and other toxins have also been eliminated as causes, as has avian cholera, Dr. Roscoe said.
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The HA of the former virus has avian-virus-like receptor specificity and is therefore believed to be a mutant derived in the laboratory by passaging in embryonated hen's eggs [ 26].
Later, an ambulance took him to Ho Chi Minh City, where genetic analysis showed that he had avian influenza, instead of typical pneumonia.
The Hong Kong government said this was to check whether ducks and geese there had avian influenza; China has not acknowledged any such cases.
Also, 10 people who had become ill but had not been confirmed to have avian influenza were being treated at the hospital in Van, Mr. Sahin said.
Eastern and Western equine encephalitis viruses have avian hosts, which might account for the lack of population subdivision by geography.
We reviewed reports to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of US travelers suspected of having avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection from February 2003 through May 2006.
Since we did not have avian antigens available, serum samples collected from humans, pigs, chickens, and ducks were not tested for exposure to avian influenza viruses.
Analyses of cellular receptors showed that raccoons have avian and human type receptors with a similar distribution as found in human respiratory tracts.
These genes might have been introduced into the mammalian virus population well before the introduction of the PB2, and NP genes which have avian characteristics and the PA gene which has an intermediate codon usage pattern.
Bobwhite and Japanese quail are susceptible to a variety of influenza viruses (33 – 36 ) and have avian and mammalian influenza virus receptors in their respiratory and digestive tracts (19, 34, 37 ).
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