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For a hidden Markov model (HMM), we generalize to where the states are no longer directly observable (but still 1st-order Markov), and for each state, say, we have a statistical linkage to a random variable,, that has an observable base emission, with the standard (0th-order) Markov assumption on prior emissions (see [27] for clique-HMM generalizations).
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It has been shown that graphene on hBN has an observable moiré pattern, whose period depends on the misorientation angle8,9.
The laser focus on growth had an observable effect on company behavior, as well.
By the present, we have an observable Universe that's a whopping ~92 billion light years in diameter.
Invertebrate introductions have had an observable effect on Puerto Rican fauna.
Typically, the spherical PBs had an observable diameter of between 0.5 and 1.0 μm.
Russia has a naval base.
So there has been an observable change?
"They have a tax base.
Have a perfect base.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com