While several regions in the eastern and central United States are well-known hotspots for cave evolution, few modern phylogenetic studies have addressed the evolution of cave-obligate species in the western United States.
Fewer studies have addressed the evolution of the immune system or, more generally, physiology in relation to diversification and rapid speciation in cichlids (Blais et al. 2007; Gerrard and Meyer 2007; Dijkstra et al. 2011).
This study has addressed the latter: what conditions favor the evolution of cross-feeding as a cooperative act?
However, relatively little research has addressed the ability of species to change either as a result of phenotypic plasticity or evolution in response to rapid environmental change.
In the last few years, different studies have addressed the experimental evolution of bacteria in vitro for long periods of time (Elena and Lenski, 2003) and more recently, also in intracellular systems, albeit for relatively short times (Ensminger et al., 2012; Rohde et al., 2012).
Few studies in Spain [ 5, 31] have addressed the epidemiology, impact, evolution and costs of CAP patients in daily practice, both at primary care and hospital settings.
A number of experimental evolution approaches have addressed the interesting dynamics related to the evolution of mate-harm and other components of male reproductive behaviour.
While many studies have addressed the role of plasticity in evolution (reviewed in West-Eberhard 2003; Lande 2009), only a few studies have focused explicitly on the potential role of nongenetic inheritance.
In the first case, even though many studies have addressed the problem of predicting the global evolution of social graphs, only few investigations have been performed from the individual perspective, namely trying to predict future social connections of a single social agent.
Many studies have addressed the biochemical mechanisms or the experimental evolution of QS.
