In the famous "Twin Earth" thought experiment in Putnam (1975), we are asked to imagine that in 1750, there was a remote planet, Twin Earth, which was exactly like Earth except that instead of water (H2O), it has a different substance, twin-water, composed of a different chemical compound XYZ.
The identifier block on the page is especially helpful for the initial research, since a single substance name can have a different substance identities used in different contexts.
All I can think is that someone has dumped a different substance, testosterone, into our drinking water.
Without yet unpacking these claims, we might ask Spinoza, "But could there have been more substances or fewer modes than there in fact are?" Or, keeping the number of tokens fixed, "Could there have been a different substance or different modes than the ones that in fact exist?" Surprisingly, Spinoza seems inclined to answer no to these questions.
Each community has a different maze of overburdened mental health services, substance use treatment, and housing supports to be navigated.
The typical addiction/recovery memoir has a different, inverse shape: a U whose line plunges, plateaus and climbs arduously up and out of substance abuse.
"There has to be a different texture, a different substance, and that's what we're trying to do".
Nevertheless, a matrix in GMO analysis is very hard to define since the same product (e.g. tortilla chips or bread) produced by two different procedures can have a different composition and contain different substances that could affect efficiency of PCR.
Aggregates of simple substances, therefore, have a different ontological status from simple substances.
In quotes from the book: Each neighborhood of the city appeared to be made of a different substance, each seemed to have a different air pressure, a different psychic weight: the bright lights and shuttered shops, the housing projects and luxury hotels, the fire escapes and city parks.
Studies suggest that SUD patients with PDs are younger, have lower levels of education, are less likely to be married, are more likely to abuse illegal substances, have a different pattern of alcohol use, have more psychopathology, including anxiety and depression, are more impulsive, and are less satisfied with life [ 12, 18].
