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Additional uncertainty remains regarding how best to account for environmental variables influencing fire effects (e.g., weather) for which observational data cannot easily be acquired, and whether pre-fire agents of change such as bark beetle and timber harvest impact model accuracy.
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In particular, the effectiveness of the current minimum 5-m setback (Forest Owners Association 2007) in mitigating harvest impacts has never been fully evaluated.
Harvest impacts were mediated by the retention of intact riparian buffers and to a lesser extent by retention of moderate quantities of logging slash across small stream channels.
To scale harvest impacts to the population and community level, we also estimated the number of leaves harvested, number of plants harvested, and area under harvest using 95% confidence intervals for mean leaves harvested per palm and per hectare from eight palm populations in areas with commercial harvest across the study area from 2009 to 2011 (Mandle 2012).
A basic model is used to account for harvest impacts, by representing associations among fall harvest, seasonal survivorship, and spring reproduction (Fig. 4).
In combination, these hypotheses define four different models, each with its own predictions about harvest impacts and its own measure of confidence that evolves over time.
When living resources are harvested, impact propagates through dependent and associated ecosystems.
This study was developed on mature coetaneous Nothofagus forests (>250 years) without harvesting impact on at least the last 50 years of south-west Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (Fig. 1).
The harvesting impact on the animal community was amplified by the settlement of an ephemeral canopy of Ulva spp., a seasonal opportunistic green alga.
In future harvests, impacts are likely to be more equally distributed, as most of the defective E. cordifolia trees would have already been harvested after this first selection cut.
In northern Bolivia, forest management regulations pay little attention to NTFPs and land tenure issues and related conflict complicate efforts to limit timber harvesting impacts on Brazil nut trees.
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