Chemical fixation provides cell structures with physical resistance against subsequent harsh procedures.
But they showed that the interrogation techniques being debated at the highest levels included harsh procedures that emerged in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Within the military in particular, some of the harsh procedures authorized until this spring were quickly suspended or abandoned after the extent of the abuses at Abu Ghraib surfaced in April.
The New York Times yesterday reported that the military intelligence brigade that took control of the interrogation centre was deployed direct from Afghanistan and brought with it harsh procedures it had developed there.
An August 2002 memo by the Justice Department that concluded interrogators could use extreme techniques on detainees in the war on terror helped provide an after-the-fact legal basis for harsh procedures used by the C.I.A. on high-level leaders of Al Qaeda, according to current and former government officials.
Those rules allowed the use of harsh procedures banned from Guantánamo, including using sleep deprivation, to as little as four hours' rest each 24 hours, and making prisoners stand or crouch in positions for up to an hour, according to Senate aides who have read the confidential document.
Before being taken to Guantánamo in September 2006, with 11 other suspects, Mr Mohammed was held for three years in secret CIA prisons abroad where he was subjected to water-boarding as well as other harsh procedures, as the CIA itself has admitted.
Denaturation of HER-2 during these harsh procedures may change the conformation of the epitope and result in false results.
With this distance from patients, doctors then have license to perform invasive and harsh procedures in the name of solving the health problem, rather than considering the most humane path in the particular patient's interest.
