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Finally, in 1305, Philip forced Flanders to accept a harsh peace treaty that exacted heavy reparations and humiliating penalties.
The harsh peace terms imposed by the victorious Allies, together with the misery created by the Great Depression, beginning in 1929, enfeebled Germany's newly established Weimar Republic and set the stage for the Nazi seizure of power in 1933.
Trotsky believed the Germans did not have the military muscle to advance, but they did, and eventually the very harsh peace of the Brest-Litovsk treaty was imposed on Russia.
When Soviet forces attacked Finland in December 1939, he served as commander in chief, and his brilliant leadership won considerable successes against vast numerical superiority, but the end result was defeat, resulting in a relatively harsh peace settlement in 1940.
However, America was against it; the US was then the largest creditor and by this time Wilson had started to believe in the merits of a harsh peace as a warning to future aggressors.
Like much of the public and the military, he saw direct links between 9/11, al Qaeda, and the Taliban, the turbaned fundamentalists who had defeated Afghan warlords in 1996 and brought a harsh peace to the country until the US invasion after 9/11.
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Metternich, worried that Napoleon would seize on this to demand harsher peace terms, instead agreed to become a minister of state (which he did on 8 July) and lead negotiations with the French on the understanding that he would formally replace Stadion as Foreign Minister at a later date.
War-weary voters chose a right-wing government under Adolphe Thiers, granting him a mandate in effect to accept a harsh German peace.The Commune sprang from the sense among Parisians that they had been betrayed.
For that reason it is regrettable that Yasir Arafat chose this delicate moment to release a senior Hamas leader, Dr. Abdel-Aziz Rantisi, known for harsh criticism of the peace talks and a history of inciting violence against more moderate Palestinians.
Everything to do with it relied upon a single axiom: that each new initiative or set of negotiations with the Israelis, every policy or programme (even the creation of undemocratic institutions under military occupation), could be presented as carried out in good faith under harsh conditions: necessary for peace, and in the service of our national cause.
Almost 100,000 peace-keepers are currently deployed around the world trying, often in unimaginably harsh conditions, to keep the peace.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com