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Given the economic importance of grapevine, it is essential to find alternative strategies to contain the spread, in order to possibly reduce the current use of harmful insecticides.
Intensified agriculture is further characterised by high agrochemical inputs and livestock herd density; increasing exposure to potentially harmful insecticides (e.g. Gill et al. 2012; Henry et al. 2012) and reducing the diversity of flowering plants through herbicide and fertiliser application and overgrazing (Isbell et al. 2013; Carvalheiro et al. 2013).
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Organic farmers are already proving that it's perfectly possible to farm without using harmful systemic insecticides like neonicotinoids.
A new study suggests that bees may seek out harmful neonicotinoid insecticides in the environment, The Washington Post reports.
The increased adult weight of insecticide-treated beetles from the favourable temperature regime (Fig. 3) could instead suggest that they were able to compensate for the harmful effects of insecticide stress by increasing feeding or assimilation of food (Campero et al. 2007).
The three main classes of pesticides are: herbicides (against weeds), insecticides (against harmful insect pests), and fungicides (against harmful diseases) [12],[12],[12].
The seemingly harmful effect of chemical insecticides to the environment, plants and human health, has led to prominent role of entomopathogenic fungi (ENPF) as biopesticide.
Vermifuges, which destroy or expel parasitic worms, and insecticides, which kill harmful insects, are also highly effective and much used.
Agrochemicals have to be divided into herbicides, fungicides and insecticides controlling weed, harmful fungi and insect pests.
Food that is produced using chemical insecticides, herbicides and harmful fertilizers ultimately affects the environment.
Many insecticides are toxic to harmful insects but do not affect bees, which are valuable for their role in pollination.
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