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We model the optimal design of programs requiring heterogeneous firms to disclose harmful emissions when disclosure yields both direct and indirect benefits.
Yet I do not buy the administration's arguments that this specific disclosure was harmful to national security.
To win such a case at trial, prosecutors have to prove to a jury that the leaked information met that standard, including showing why its disclosure was harmful.
However, there were no indications that patient or spouse disclosure was harmful for the other person.
Non disclosure of harmful ME is considered a violation of ethical principles from both deontological and consequentialist perspectives [ 6].
Interestingly, compared to healthy individuals, patients in our study were more likely to prefer disclosure of harmful ME and less likely to prefer the more extreme choices (no-disclosure and disclosure of near miss ME).
These regulations and theoretical ethical considerations are consistent with the results of empirical ethics studies in Western cultures showing that patients overwhelmingly desire full disclosure of harmful ME [ 5, 13- 17] and that full disclosure is likely to have a positive or no effect on how patients respond to ME [ 18].
Yet the bill, which would enhance senior officials' ability to engage in politically motivated leaks, is not tailored to prevent disclosures truly harmful to national security.
Accountability is one thing _ and we will have it _ but true accountability is not served by inaccurate, harmful, and illegal public disclosures.
"It appears that the UK government is now seeking to create an appearance that the Guardian and Washington Post's disclosures are harmful, and they are doing so by intentionally leaking harmful information to The Independent and attributing it to others.
"In some instances I think full disclosure can be harmful," he says.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com