Firstly, omission bias (choosing to do nothing with some probability of harm over doing something with a lower probability of equivalent harm) is demonstrated with general practitioners choosing to not recommend influenza vaccination, even though the probability of harm from influenza during pregnancy is higher than the probability of harm from the vaccine [ 15, 37].
Unlike the German patent system, the American system gives judges the option of awarding proportionate damages instead of granting outright injunctions that ban sales of disputed products in cases where "irreparable harm" cannot be demonstrated.
The conclusion this review should have is the one it begins with - the informed clinician should be left to make the decision in which patients to use a balanced colloid and in which to use an isotonic saline-based solution, until evidence for clear benefit or harm can be demonstrated, as recently suggested by one of the authors herself [ 2].
If the harm is insignificant, cannot be demonstrated or does not outweigh the benefits, it seems to me relatively uncontroversial that the right to build should apply.
Similarly, the price impact felt by consumers as a result of excessive search costs may perhaps be shown through careful analysis to represent the equivalent of a Distribution Tax, and through the same analysis the harm to consumers may be demonstrated.
Their role versus traditional benzodiazepines with respect to efficacy or harm has yet to be demonstrated [ 16].
They argue that women as a group have a right to (civil) legal protection from these harms, and to claim for compensation for such harm as pornographic speech can be demonstrated to have produced.
Although harm was not demonstrated in the context of this experimental protocol, the significant changes to respiratory physiology caused by breathing through N95 mask materials raise the concern regarding prolonged use of N95-masks by pregnant healthcare workers.
Disclosures in which no actual harm to national security can be demonstrated are also protected.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has categorized benzodiazepines into either category D or X meaning potential for harm in the unborn has been demonstrated.
