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A sufficientarian interpretation of the threshold notion of harm (together with an appropriate conception of wrongdoing) provides us with a plausible understanding of what is owed to future people: the fact that future persons' existence is contingent on our present decisions does not matter where what is in question is our ability to harm future people's interests and to violate their rights.
Virginia Held (Held 1970) argues that members of an unorganized group may be said to be responsible for not taking an action that could have prevented harm in cases where they could have done something to prevent the harm together but chose not to do so.
Indeed, it may be precisely because these groups are made up of individuals who become related to each other in the process of producing harm together (even though they were initially strangers) that they are now potentially appropriate sites of collective responsibility.
Reviews that aim to evaluate benefit and harm together will usually require a more complex design that can efficiently handle different sets of studies for various outcomes.
These examples illustrate the need to evaluate the likelihood and magnitude of benefit and harm together, within context of the particular disease.
Similar(55)
Aggregate welfare is calculated by counting a benefit or harm to any one individual the same as the same size benefit or harm to any other individual, and then adding all the benefits and harms together to reach an aggregate sum.
13 Other studies in Canada, Scotland, Norway and Ireland, 3 14–16 all identify high levels of harms from others' drinking, and while such studies are not directly comparable (ie, each measures different harms), together they demonstrate that this is an international phenomenon.
Quasi-delict covered four types of harm, grouped together by no clearly ascertainable principle.
In a few days, June 9th-12th, a very important conference is set to take place in Lithuania that will bring all those interested in harm reduction together to discuss this year's theme "The value/s of harm reduction".
Evidence from studies applying multiple approaches to the same benefit-harm question, together with recognition of their advantages and disadvantages, would make it possible to identify approaches that are consistently superior over others, and to develop recommendations for specific approaches.
They caused a great deal of harm while working together, but now they are fighting each other.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com