The well-known prevention initiative CMCA (Wagenaar et al. 1994, 1999, 2000 a, b ) is notable for its focus on community-level strategies for reducing alcohol use and problems among youth and its development of indicators of alcohol use and harms to evaluate program effectiveness.
While national data are available on the extent and nature of the Indigenous youth binge drinking problem, there is a dearth of community specific data that would allow programs to be targeted to local risk factors and harms, and to evaluate community-level interventions [ 8].
Meanwhile, such an approach is time consuming and results are often delayed, which is unsuitable for patient safety campaigns in which frequent and regular measurements of harms are needed to evaluate and monitor the effects of interventions and organisational changes.
Those are called UVA rays, and their harm is much harder to evaluate because it occurs invisibly and over a longer period of time.
Single-group studies may be included to evaluate harms under the "best evidence" approach only if the studies add important evidence on harms that is not available from study designs with lower risk of bias.
Indeed, many community-based projects have relied on both primary and archival data to assess alcohol use and harms in communities and to evaluate the impact of intervention initiatives.
She has brought in her brother, Don Norman, a wildlife toxicologist, to evaluate the harm that the oil and the cleanup are doing to birds here.
In order to evaluate the harm of chemical injection, some wells in South block 5 were selected to shut into measure the wellbore pressure.
The LoC concept is a possible approach to introduce ecological thresholds into environmental risk assessment in order to evaluate environmental harm.
Recently, the EUD concept has also been applied in normal tissues to evaluate the harm of a non-uniform dose distribution with the same result as a specific uniform dose.
