Harm reduction behaviors have also been shown to protect against violence victimization among high-risk groups (i.e., women in prostitution), [ 75] and to reduce revictimization among college women [ 73].
IPV interventions appear to increase safety planning and harm reduction behaviors among victimized women, e.g., increase ability to refuse sex, [ 72] reduce substance use in dating contexts, [ 73] and advance preparation for safe escape should violence escalate [ 74].
Providers are trained to conduct the three components of the ARCHES intervention: 1) universal client education and assessment regarding IPV and RC; 2) discussion of harm reduction behaviors to reduce risk for unintended pregnancy, IPV victimization, and RC; 3) supported referrals to IPV victim services (including provision of IPV related resources to all clients regardless of disclosure).
Yet the risk environment, or social and physical context [ 2], in which FSWs live and work is central to their HIV risk [ 3, 4], in part by compromising their ability to reduce exposures to harm or enact harm-reduction behaviors.
Instead of a complete ban on these behaviors, harm reduction aims to mitigate the health risks and other potential dangers that the behaviors can cause.
But many Russian officials view harm reduction efforts as encouraging criminal or shameful behavior.
Enhanced understanding of the interplay between individual behavior and social context could lead to more effective behavioral interventions and sexual harm reduction initiatives [ 6].
Harm reduction also addresses the legal framework in which these behaviors are carried out.
That's because taxes concentrate harm reduction in the hands of those who can alter their behavior most easily.
Questions were selected that would elicit data on demographics, drug use history, HIV risk behavior, HIV testing, access and use of harm reduction services.
Harm reduction has focused primarily on reduction of high-risk substance using behaviors rather than reductions in high-risk sexual behaviors.
