Perceived harms of e-cigarettes were measured using three survey items two personal harm items and a more general comparative harm measure.
The postal questionnaire was sent to 9383 participants, of whom 4855 (51.7%) returned it and 4810 completed the self harm items.
* first mean complaint was selected, † TSK subscale fear-avoidance (items 1,2,9,10,13,14,15,17), ‡ TSK subscale harm (items 3,5,6,7,11), mean BDI calculated without items 15,16, 19, # Pain Behavior Scale filled out by research-physiotherapist after physical examination.
Active Coping items involve taking action to make things better, which is conceptually related to some of the Avoiding Harm items which involve taking action to avoid making things worse.
LOS was reduced by a high score on the HoNOS self-harm item (p < 0.001).
8 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 Not every PRISMA item has a corresponding harms item, and a few have more than one suggestion per item.
Therefore, we changed the checklist item to include the concepts of results matching interpretations and of benefits being balanced with harms Item 23 (registration)—We added a new item on trial registration.
The processes reviewed can relate to participant enrolment, consent, eligibility, and allocation to study groups; adherence to trial interventions and policies to protect participants, including reporting of harms (Item 22); and completeness, accuracy, and timeliness of data collection.
Women who endorse self-harm items will also be excluded.
Three items did not significantly improve over a chance prediction, these were: the two self-harm items (S2 Seriousness of Self-Harm; and S4 – Immediacy of Self-Harm Risk); and the item measuring previous institutional behaviour (S10).
