McMurdo said that under the "very broadly defined object of the Environmental Protection Act … environmental value and environmental harm are consistent with a desire to protect Queensland's environment from development, including mining development, which would cause harmful global greenhouse gas emissions".
The observed pattern of findings in relation to brand appeal and the direction of findings relating to perceived harms is consistent with those of experimental studies of plain packaging conducted in Australia, 7 18 the UK 8 19 and other countries 11 13 20 21 and also with the Australian government's pretesting of mocked-up plain packs.
The ratio of near-misses to events with harm is 339 1, consistent with other industries' ratio of 300 1, which has been proposed as a measure of reporting in event reporting systems.
Using a measure of the proportion of the population who had self harmed is also consistent with previous studies.
The small percentage of SEA reports that involved severe harm or death is consistent with other recent UK data on the severity of events analysed by GPs [ 31].
When we included the entire CPRD cohort and used Read codes to determine fatal and non-fatal self harm, the results were consistent with the main results for patients prescribed varenicline (hazard ratio 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.93) and bupropion (0.80, 0.41 to 1.58), compared with nicotine replacement therapy.
"Cultural practices such as burning voodoo dolls to harm one's enemies are consistent with a belief in the law of similarity," Dr. Newman said.
Our finding with respect to non-fatal intentional self-harm among VHA patients is consistent with the only gender-stratified examination of PTSD and death from suicide among VHA patients, which found age-adjusted hazard ratios for the associations between PTSD and suicide of 1.8 in men and 3.5 in women (unadjusted for psychiatric comorbidities) (Ilgen et al. [2010]).
A recent Cochrane review [ 40] established that DAs: (1) improve knowledge; (2) reduce decisional conflict; (3) clarify expectations of possible benefits and harms; (4) lead to choices consistent with informed values; and (5) result in greater participation in decision making.
For example, in an initial series of studies by Riskind et al.[ 18], the findings which are taken to support the harm-looming model are also consistent with the idea that the relationship between loomingness perceptions and fear is spurious, resulting from high correlations between threat cognitions (comprising the vulnerability variables) and both spider fear and perceptions of loomingness.
