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Others argue that it is also under-inclusive, since we have good reason to criminalize kinds of conduct that do not cause or threaten harm (and whose criminalization is not aimed at preventing harm): conduct, for instance, that causes offence rather than harm (see Feinberg 1985; Simester and von Hirsch 2006, and 2011: chs.
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As Zimmer points out, institutional ethics review boards lack the expertise to consider the potential privacy incursions or risk of harm conducted on social networking sites [ 24].
Very often, of course, these two versions of the Principle will produce the same results: we efficiently prevent harm by criminalizing harmful conduct.
The items were originally based on a draft generated from analysis of a systematic review of harms conducted previously.
On this broader, interest- or rights-based interpretation of the harm principle, any speech or conduct that wilfully or negligently interferes with important interests or rights of others is harmful conduct.
"I express my deep regret to you and your son for any harm my conduct has caused you.
Under American law in general, recklessness is defined as consciously disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk of harm from conduct that is a gross deviation from what a reasonable person would do.
Who imagines they are going to cause serious harm by conducting a series of interviews or collecting survey data?
Caesarean section rates are high and increasing in many European countries and although life-saving in many situations, they pose additional risks of harm when conducted unnecessarily.
As a result of their broader orientation and engagements, restorative justice processes are able to arrive at a richer understanding of what led to the harms (individual conduct, institutional practices, and a wide variety of background conditions), the interests and values that are at stake, and a broader range of responses that are seen as needed and appropriate.
The first section includes studies where the sample involved a study population with ADHD and measures of self-harm behaviour were then conducted.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com