Table 2 describes the overall degree of nonresponse bias in the incidence of alcohol-related harm and all-cause mortality by time period and sex, reporting age-standardized incidence rates of alcohol-related harm, age-standardized rates of all-cause mortality, and the corresponding survey-to-population rate ratios for both of these outcomes.
There were also other covariates of interest which were not comprehensively documented in electronic health records (and consequently could not be analysed) including the presence and severity of manic and psychotic symptoms, history of deliberate self-harm, age of onset of illness and drug and alcohol misuse.
Since we assessed the lifetime history of self harm at age 16 years and the age of onset was not known, it is possible that GCSE examinations may have preceded or occurred concurrently with self harm at baseline for some participants.
Table 1 provides descriptive information for each outcome according to self harm at age 16 years.
The self report questions used to assess lifetime history of self harm at age 16 years were based on those used in the Child and Adolescent Self harm in Europe Study.
The proportion of participants with a history of self harm by age 16 years that were excluded ranged from 33.3% (for previous problem cannabis use; 31.8% of those with non-suicidal self harm, and 36.0% of those with suicidal self harm) to 60.1% (for history of probable depression; 50.3% of those with non-suicidal self harm and 77.2% of those with suicidal self harm).
In total, 19% of the sample reported a lifetime history of self harm at age 16 years (n=894/4799); these participants account for 24% of those who were not in education, employment, or training (NEET) at age 19 years, 40% of those with depressive and anxiety disorders, and over 35% of those with problem substance use at age 18 years.
Overall, there was little evidence to suggest that the previous strong associations could be explained by pre-existing conditions that may confer an increased risk of self harm at age 16 years, as effect estimates were generally consistent with those from the previous models.
They collected screening mammography data from 144,848 participants from five Japanese prefectures to assess harm by age group (Fig. 4) 51.
There was no evidence for a difference in the association of smoking cessation products with suicide and self harm by age (P=0.30 for interaction), sex (P=0.64 for interaction), history of psychiatric illness (P=0.57 for interaction), or timing of prescribing before or after 2008 (P=0.11 for interaction).
