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Thus it is possible that evolution of mate harm ability in males in terms of fecundity and survivorship are, at least, to some extent independent of each other.
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There are two aspects of interlocus conflict – (a) evolution of male traits related to "mate-harm ability" and (b) evolution of traits related to resistance to male-induced harm in females.
However, Wigby and Chapman [ 31] found males' harming ability to be unresponsive to the selection (alteration of operational sex ratio).
F-males (evolving under lower levels of sexual conflict) evolved decreased mate harming ability indicating the cost of maintenance of the suit of traits that cause mate-harm.
Enforced monogamy resulted in the evolution of reduced mate harming ability in males (relative to the males under control or polyandrous mating system) either causing less female mortality [ 24] or being relatively benign to female fecundity [ 22, 25, 43].
The M-males (evolving under higher levels sexual conflict) caused higher female mortality indicating that they had evolved increased mate harming ability, possibly as a by product of increased reproduction related activity.
Here we report the evolution of (a) body size, (b) harming ability of the males (in terms of both mortality and fecundity), (b) courtship frequency, (c) spontaneous locomotor activity and (d) mean longevity and age specific survival rate under two conditions – reproducing and non-reproducing.
These setbacks can harm cognitive ability.
"It may harm your ability to grow and costs jobs, including yours".
The police chiefs of Austin and San Antonio testified that S.B. 4 would harm their ability to work with immigrant communities.
They say that getting too far ahead of other states would harm the ability of New York businesses to compete economically.
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