This paper proposes an improved interleaved voltage measurement method for battery packs in electric vehicles, which can distinguish between the sensor fault and cell fault without hardware or software redundancy.
Design of reliable and fault-tolerant embedded processors is mostly based on developing techniques that compensate reliability shortcomings by adding hardware or software redundancy.
While concurrent fault detection is mainly achieved by hardware or software redundancy, like duplication, non-concurrent fault detection, particularly useful for periodic testing, is usually achieved through hardware-based self-test.
The dual redundancy on hardware and software level is realized by modularization and protection information mirroring storage/overwriting.
Dual redundancy on hardware and software level is realized by modularization, protection information mirroring storage and overwriting, which avoids the risk of single point failure of internal components effectively.
Redundancy with hardware and software diversity of digital computers is currently employed in safety critical applications, as, for example, in spacecrafts and commercial aircrafts, to increase the reliability of such systems.
By outsourcing hardware and software to the cloud, companies strip out redundancy, or unused capacity, from their IT systems, argues Kathrin Winkler, chief sustainability officer at global big data and cloud computing firm EMC.
Multi-modal redundancy structures in systems with human, hardware and software sub-systems are described.
