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We find that future orientation does not significantly impact program completion, but both information failure and financial hardship increase the hazard of early account closure.
Another Brooklyn owner, Tom Diana, said that he "lost $40,000 in a year" but still could not qualify for a hardship increase.
"Anyone who buys any regulated housing hoping to turn a profit by getting a hardship increase is betting on the longest of shots at best," Mr. Bailey said.
A Adam Leitman Bailey, a Manhattan real estate lawyer, said it was extremely rare for the state's Division of Housing and Community Renewal, the agency that enforces the rent laws, to grant owners of any kind of regulated apartment a so-called hardship increase.
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This will only worsen if economic hardship increases.
Few landlords apply for hardship increases, said Mitchell Kahn, vice president of the New Jersey Tenants Organization.
According to the Center on Budget and Polity Priorities (CBPP) the number of TANF recipients fell in 16 states, including Texas, Kansas and Louisiana, even as unemployment and economic hardship increased.
Between 2001/02 and 2011/12, spending on "social protection" benefits – help given to those in need or at risk of hardship – increased from £156bn to £210bn.
When hardship increases during a downturn, more people meet the program's eligibility requirements, and because SNAP recipients are income-constrained, they inject their benefits into the economy, generating more economic activity than would otherwise occur.
A report from the Annie E. Casey Foundation last week found that "the official child poverty rate, which is a conservative measure of economic hardship, increased 18 percent between 2000 and 2009".
This suggests that as dimensions and levels of material hardship increased, parents became less effective in their parenting practices and behaviors, while simultaneously attending to their children and trying to parent effectively.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com