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Various sizes of indenters and loads allow a wide range of hardness to be measured.
Hengsberger et al. ([2001]) calculated the hardness to be from 0.6 ± 0.11 GPa for compact bone to 1.1 ± 0.17 GPa for trabecular bone.
We find the hardness to be essentially depth independent for indentation depths approaching the thickness of the film for several thin film/substrate systems.
To validate AID, we selected five commonly co-occurring components of polluted aquatic systems, three metal stressors (Cd, Zn, As) and two water chemistry parameters (pH, hardness) to be tested using standard acute toxicity tests in which Daphnia mortality is the (nonlinear) response variable.
To achieve a gentle manipulation, the grippers employ fingers with several degrees of freedom in different configurations and have a membrane filled with a fluid that allows their hardness to be controlled by means of the jamming transition of the granular fluid inside it.
The dark slaty shales may have the necessary cleavage and hardness to be worked, and were quarried for low grade roofing slate in eastern Pennsylvania during the 19th century.
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His Grape Nuts were miraculously not only 'brain food' but could also cure consumption and malaria, and were even, despite their enamel-cracking hardness, said to be an antidote to loose teeth.
Their hardness generally falls below 21/2, except for antigorite, whose hardness is reported to be 21/2 31/2.
BOD, COD, total alkalinity and hardness are found to be in higher range.
The film hardness was measured to be ~ 34 GPa.
Tensile strength and hardness were found to be inversely proportional to the penetration depth.
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