Generally, two strategies of cold hardiness have developed: freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance.
Thus, given its benefits to student life and health, we recommend the development of strategies to promote hardiness among nursing students.
In view of the benefits of hardiness to health, researchers have applied a strategy to promote hardiness, based on theoretical training, to increase the academic performance of college students in California [ 32].
Within these programs, individuals set their own goals and are instrumental in devising strategies to improve their sense of personal control and hardiness as they use a combination of passive and active coping strategies.
Absent from this literature is an exploration of the role of individual decision-makers in determining the resilience strategies of firms, even though the hardiness of business is crucial to maintaining robust local, regional, and global economies.
Finally, some strategies are suggested for how psychological hardiness can be built up in organizations, primarily through leader actions and policies.
For example, small stock - goats and sheep - have high fecundity and hardiness to drought, which make them suitable for post-drought reconstitution strategies.
Kobasa [ 19] defined hardiness as a constellation of personality traits that facilitates the development of strategies for coping with stressful life events, also as an adaptive attribute based on early learned social cognition and characterized by rich and varied experiences.
The concept of positive deviance seems to overlap with other concepts such as resilience, hardiness, well-being, and wellness, but may differ inasmuch as it focuses relatively more attention on the practices and strategies that succeed in producing positive outcomes rather than upon the individual personality traits that contribute to resilience.
Hardiness was measured by psychological hardiness scale (Singh, 2008).
