However, detection of lacZ activity in the center of larger portions of hard whole adult tissues is challenging.
Whole grain foods included hard whole grain rye bread (such as Wasa bread), soft whole grain bread, porridge, and cold breakfast cereals.
In analyses of individual whole grain foods, only hard whole grain rye bread had a statistically significant inverse association with colon cancer risk.
Each daily increment of one slice of hard whole grain bread was associated with a 12% reduction in colon cancer risk (multivariate RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78 0.99).
Our findings for consumption of hard whole grain rye bread, a rich source of rye fibre, are consistent with those reported by Pietinen et al (1999) in Finland.
In conclusion, results from this large prospective population-based cohort of women provide support that high consumption of whole grain foods, particularly hard whole grain rye bread, may reduce the risk of colon cancer.
This cohort of Swedish women allowed us to assess consumption of hard whole grain rye bread – a concentrated source of rye fibre and related factors – in relation to colorectal cancer incidence.
In a validation study among 129 women randomly selected from the cohort, Spearman correlation coefficients between data from four 1 week diet records and the food-frequency questionnaire were 0.5 for hard whole grain rye bread, 0.5 for soft whole grain bread, 0.6 for porridge, and 0.7 for cold breakfast cereals.
After excluding cases that occurred within 2 years of follow-up, the multivariate RR of colon cancer for women who consumed two or more slices per day of hard whole grain bread compared with those who consumed less than four slices per week was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.55 0.98; P-value for trend=0.02).
"Did you learn that in school?" She did not hesitate, she pressed harder, her whole body upon him.
