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Facing harder budget constraints, local governments often abandoned SOEs as a mean to establish mixed ownership enterprises and avoid political punishment for supporting failing SOEs.
According to Montinola et al. (1995) and Chen et al. (2014), harder budget constraints also appeared in the financial channel, which restricted local government's ability to borrow from the central government-owned banks.
On the other hand, harder budget constraints (i.e., insufficient resources) provide local government owned enterprises with less or no slack resource and thus discourage investment in risky R&D project.
Whereas the UK and US governments can rely on their central banks to buy up a lot of their debts through their quantitative easing programmes, the countries in the eurozone face much harder budget constraints.
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This is not a call to ignore the hard budget choices we have to make.
Washington's unwillingness to make hard budget decisions pales compared with state and local governments'.
"In hard budget times people are willing to be more creative," Ms. Thomas said.
Third, this breathing currency union must include hard budget constraints on its members' national central banks.
"In hard budget times, when the poor need more help, they'll be the first to be cut".
This requires sorting out the current mess and introducing a flexible membership system based on hard budget constraints.
For example, New Haven's Mayor, John DeStefano Jr., said this was "the hardest budget year" of his eight years in office.
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