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In a limited number of animals, the hard skeleton transmits vibrations that are sensed by the hearing mechanism.
When this happens, the primary xylem cells die and lose their conducting function, forming a hard skeleton that serves only to support the plant.
The appearance of a hard skeleton within the vertebrates was a major evolutionary advance, and to describe some of the stages through which the skeleton evolved, it is necessary first to understand that the apparently unified single system of bones in a living mammal is in fact derived from two separate systems.
They secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.
The group includes the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.
You might hurl it against a wall in defense or crush it with your boot or run over it a bunch of times, but it survives because it has no actual hard skeleton, just tiny chambers of air that deflate and inflate in different patterns to do things like walk and slither.
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The absorption of CO2 by seawater leads to lower saturation levels of carbonate ions, which reduces calcification, the process by which corals make their hard skeletons.
Sea anemones do not produce hard skeletons, although their close relatives in the order Zoanthinaria incorporate foreign objects (sand grains, sponge spicules) into their body walls, which gives them rigidity and toughness.
More likely they show us when micro-predators began to attack complex microbes, like amoebae, that could evolve hard skeletons in response.
This deposition of carbonate (calcification) is the process by which reef-builders form their hard skeletons.
The hard skeletons of scleractinian corals form the framework of reefs, providing food and habitat for other marine organisms [15].
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