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There are a number of different governance mechanisms available within the European context to address some of the ethical, legal and social issues pertaining to SynBio's health applications that range from hard laws (i.e. directives and regulations) to soft laws (i.e. codes of conduct, ethical review, and public engagement), which have been listed in the columns of Table 3.
I wouldn't say that they were bad teachers, but when you have to deal with kids that you have to babysit and teach at the same time, it can be hard," Laws says.
Finally, a tendency of stipulating both soft and hard laws and defending the new norm appears.
Rarely is de-tabooing unconditional but enabled by stipulated positioning as in soft laws (palliative care guidelines) and hard laws (euthanasia/PAS legislation).
This is sometimes formalized in hard laws (e.g. euthanasia and PAS legislation) and followed by new behaviors of defending the new norm when it is almost an anathema to question patient autonomy.
Applying simple digital logic and hard laws of economics to biology and further to medicine, when estimating the conditions of norm and pathology or assessing the results, is not correct.
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But it's a hard law to enforce, so moral pressure is vital too: stigmatizing, as well as criminalizing.
Third, how to accelerate GRI reporting from "soft law" to "hard law" through integration in government policy, law and regulation.
Whereas the 1992 Rio conference agreement was a soft law, the Kyoto Protocol was a hard law, with clear-cut reduction targets of greenhouse gas emissions for regions and countries.
Those conferences were effective in setting an international agenda for regional and national environmental policy making that resulted in treaties and protocols, also known as "hard law," and in nonbinding resolutions, statements, and declarations, or "soft law".
Some NGOs would prefer hard law rather than the "soft" rules involved in many of these initiatives.How committed are companies to the rules they claim to live by, whether their own or an industry-wide code?
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com