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Gas drilling is considered as an ideal technique for drilling horizontal wellbore in hard formations.
These are grouped into hard formations (igneous and metamorphic rocks) and soft formation (sediments and sedimentary rocks).
The hard formations of Tanzania include the Greenstone belt, Ubendian, Karagwe Ankolean, Bukoba, Usagaran and Mozambique systems.
Newly developed hydrothermal jet drilling technology has the potential of being economically advantageous over conventional drilling techniques for drilling deep wells in hard formations.
Groundwater in the inland basins and rift system is controlled by both lithologies and structures; in some parts, the water quality is affected by the geology of the areas as in hard formations.
This technology uses a high temperature and high velocity jet to break rocks and has the potential to be more efficiently advantageous than conventional techniques for deep hard formations and geothermal well drilling.
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The ratio of soft to hard formation is approximated to be 1 3 (Kongola 2004).
As for the hard formation, the wear of the cutters should be considered.
The rotary drilling rig power head removable combined drive key design and rotating seal transition device design which is adapted to drill hard formation put forward the innovation.
Soft formations like shale have a low Young's modulus value (100,000 1,000,000 psi) comparing to medium formations like sandstone (2,000,000 10,000,000) and hard formation limestone (8,000,000 12,000,000 psi) as presented by Nur and Wang (1989).
Besides, ROP of DLHB is 30% higher and weight on bit (WOB) fluctuation is 15%25%% lower than the conventional one in hard formation.
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