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Each operational mode identifies the handover mode as well.
The sequence diagram for the backup handover mode is shown in Fig. 4 as an illustration.
The MPTCP handover mode used for this scenario could be either full-MPTCP or single-path MPTCP.
Fig. 4 Sequence chart for MPTCP backup handover mode for Wi-Fi to 3G/4G to Wi-Fi.
However, the full-MPTCP handover mode provides a better throughput, since both the Wi-Fi and 3G/4G interfaces can be used simultaneously.
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Different handover execution modes are specified in the standard: the HHO and two soft handover modes, namely, FBSS and Macro Diversity handover (MDHO).
A device with one or more interfaces can select one of the handover modes based on the need.
Both of these handover modes have the same performance, since only one subflow can be active at a time.
But for a MD connected with the cellular network, all the three handover modes, full-MPTCP, backup, and single-path, can be used depending on the required performance by the user.
The MRO is a SON function designed to guarantee proper mobility, i.e., proper handover in connected mode and cell re-selection in idle mode.
Algorithm 3 describes the handover behaviour of this mode.
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