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Low service disruption time consequently reduces the packet loss by manyfold and the packet latency remains unaffected during and after handover due to translation of address at the source.
However, many experiments and simulations have shown difficulties in efficiently maintaining sessions' continuity during handover, due to long latency and high packet loss rate issues [2].
The original loss differentiation scheme [7] may wrongly classify the cause of packet losses on handover due to a large difference of minimum RTT between a fast link and a slow link.
The prototype implementation is tested with different security algorithms for encryption and integrity check to measure the latency in handover due to IKEv2 signaling messages as well as MIH message transaction delay added by the security algorithms.
The prototype implementation is tested with different security algorithms for encryption and integrity check to measure the latency in handover due to DTLS signaling messages as well as MIH message transport delay due to security algorithm processing.
If the IP address of MH changes after handover due to inter-subnet movement, the MH can usually detect the subnet change by comparing its old IP address with new IP address.
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In addition, they can do handovers due to UE mobility or change of propagation conditions (mainly do to slow fading).
In addition, in the future, popularity of always-on devices produces less signaling traffic caused by initial power-on procedure than those caused by handovers due to mobility.
For example, existing load balancing algorithms are mostly distributed, which causes ping-pong handovers due to the lack of global information [14].
Recently, mobility robustness optimization (MRO) as one of the usecases in the self-organization networks has been studied to reduce radio link failures (RLFs) and unnecessary handovers due to improper handover parameter settings [2].
The MS will switch to the new BS/RS where the signal strength is the best between the new BS/RS and the MS. However, these networks have the inherent problem of rapid handovers due to the random movement of MSs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com