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The timetable for resolving Railtrack's problems before the government hands over the reins to the successful bidder is tight Alan Bloom, Railtrack's administrator, says he believes that the handover can be completed by September, but sceptical voices in the industry say that he is being wildly optimistic.
Handover can be categorized into horizontal handover [59] and vertical handover [60].
IEEE 802.11r [2] specifies how the authentication process and the encryption key negotiation during a handover can be accelerated.
The message delay caused by handover can be increased in IEEE 802.16j multi-hop relay network systems.
Hence, the overhead caused by frequent topology changes, such as BS initialization, user association, and handover, can be minimized.
Through the L3 handover process the information on the L2 handover can be acquired in order to achieve the fast L2 handover.
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The parameter k determines how many handovers can be performed at maximum in each time slot.
These additional handovers can be initiated either after the RN handover is finalized or even before that once the HO command is received.
The k-Handover scheme extends the Greedy scheme by adding an additional constraint that specifies that at maximum k handovers can be performed using one slot.
Network selection and handovers can be optimized, using cross-layer optimization, for example, by considering geo-location and spectrum availability to store different signal thresholds used for handover.
The reduction of amount of performed handovers can be achieved by conventional techniques, such as hysteresis or time-to-trigger timer.
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