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One interesting aspect is the further development of the coding coenzyme handle hypothesis within the context of the RNA operational code.
Wentao Ma cites the previous publications on the origin of translation, in particular Szathmary's coenzyme handle hypothesis [ 15, 30] and the later paper by Wolf and Koonin [ 16] that extends this hypothesis and puts it in a broader context.
First, as recognized (arguably somewhat late) by Kun et al. [ 39], the coding coenzyme handle hypothesis generates the prediction that catalytic propensities of amino acids should not be distributed randomly in the genetic code, and it is reassuring to see that this is indeed the case.
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Once more, we are at a point where the related tag and handle hypotheses by Weiner and Szathmáry, respectively, are more parsimonious.
At the beginning of the manuscript, under the heading "Emergence of adapters: the origin of proto-tRNAs and proto-mRNAs", the author discredits amino acids covalently bound to nucleic acids (the RNA genomic tag and coding coenzyme handles hypothesis [ 15, 28- 30]) in favor of the direct-RNA-template theory (DRT).
Assuming a general linear model with unknown and possibly unequal normal error variances, the interest is to develop a one-sample procedure to handle the hypothesis testing on all, partial, or a subset of linear functions of regression parameters.
The Pearson χ statistic is used to handle rejection hypothesis.
The analyze program returns both uncorrected P-values and FDRs obtained with the Benjamini Hochberg procedure (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995) to handle multiple hypothesis testing.
Later, with the advent of an anticodon loop, some amino acids (such as aspartic acid, histidine, arginine) assumed a catalytic role while bound to such extended adaptors, in line with the original coding coenzyme handle (CCH) hypothesis.
This suggests a refinement of the coding coenzyme handle (CCH) hypothesis, which can now be broken down into two main steps: (1) Some amino acids (most likely Gly and Ala in the first tetrad) were first linked to short acceptor stem-like structures envisaged in this paper.
This model handles the hypothesis that any subpart of the entire structure can be constructed at a time.
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