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The total sugar content of each honey sample was determined using the refractometric method (Atago handheld refractometer, ATAGO, N-1α, Tokyo, Japan) and the percentage of sucrose content was measured in g/mL of honey.
TSS of fruit and jam, expressed as degree Brix (°Brix), was determined at 20°C by refractometry using a digital handheld refractometer DR301-95 (KRÜSS, Germany) according to standard method as described by AOAC [38].
The refractive indices of the honey samples were measured at ambient temperature using an Atago handheld refractometer (KRUSS, HRH30, Hamburg, Germany) and the measurements were further corrected for the standard temperature of 20°C by adding a correction factor of 0.00023/°C.
Porewater was extracted from soil beneath each tree using a suction device and salinity measured with a handheld refractometer [14].
SG was measured using a handheld refractometer (National Instrument Company Inc., Baltimore, MD).
We also measured specific gravity (SG) in each urine sample using a digital handheld refractometer (Atago).
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The objective of this study was therefore to conduct an analytical validation of a handheld digital refractometer used for human urine SG testing.
SG was measured using a handheld digital refractometer (ATAGO Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
Specific gravity was measured at the University of Michigan using a handheld digital refractometer (ATAGO Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
Subsequently, the juice volume was measured using a graduated cylinder, and the Brix percentage was determined with 1 ml of juice using an Atago 3810 digital handheld pocket refractometer (PAL-1, Atago USA Inc., Bellevue, WA, USA).
An index of hydration using urine specific gravity (USG) was measured both before and after their shift using a handheld digital optical refractometer (ATAGO® Pocket PAL-10S).
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