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Each subject had maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of their right and left hand determined using a hand dynamometer (Medipan, Poland).
Three lightweight infrared (IR) reflective markers of approximately 7 mm diameter were placed on the participant's preferred hand, determined using the Edinburgh handedness questionnaire [ 21], for recording its movement in three-dimensional space [See Figure 1].
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The receiver gain, on the other hand, can be determined using the antenna radiation pattern and the elevation angle.
Hand preference was determined using the Annett Handedness questionnaire (AHQ) [24].
HAND clinical diagnoses were determined using established criteria [ 50].
Total hand dermal exposure was determined using the PHED database and the assumptions discussed above.
Whole-hand bone mineral density, determined using DXA (DXA-BMD), indicated demineralization only during the first 3 years of RA.
Fasting capillary blood glucose was determined using a hand held glucose monitor (One Touch Basic, Lifescan Johnson & Johnson, Milpitas, California, USA) in all subjects.
Hand osteoarthritis status was then determined using the Kellgren-Lawrence scale.
The absolute hand of Drosophila ORC was determined using the Freehand test (Rosenthal and Henderson, 2003; Henderson et al., 2011).
Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) will be determined using a hand held pressure algometer with a probe size of 1 cm2 (Somedic AB, Farsta, Sweden) and an application rate of 40kPa/ss.
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