Considering the important roles of bulliform cells in determining leaf flatting in rice (Xiang et al. 2012), an analysis of free-hand cross section was carried out in present study.
Total vascular area and individual tracheid areas were measured by making hand cross-sections of five horizontal and five vertical shoot samples per species.
Free-hand cross sections of young stems were obtained from wild type and mutant plants grown in the greenhouse.
Inverted fluorescent microscopy conducted on free-hand cross sections of the tobacco leaf petiole revealed that the GFP accumulated in the apoplastic regions.
Free-hand cross-sections of stems (average thickness 5 mm) and leaves were observed under the microscope at ×40 (stem) and ×400 (leaf).
Examination of free-hand cross-sections of stem veins from both Wray and Macia showed that CF was detected strongly within the phloem cells (Fig. 5a, b).
We found a better pattern for the Sudan IV red-stained root with respect to autofluorescence in the free-hand cross-sections, and measurements of Lpr can be made in the same sample without fixing the material.
Amorphous SiO2 is an inefficient host matrix for the photoluminescence (PL) of Nd3+ ions since, on the one hand, the absorption cross section of Nd is low (1 × 10-20 cm2) and, on the other hand, the Nd solubility in silica is limited by clustering [2, 3], which quenches the PL of the rare earth (RE) ions [4, 5].
Fig. 3 Optical microscopy images of brown coal and urea whole granules (left hand column) and internal cross section (right hand column) for a UBC-L, b UBC-M and c UBC-H.
Hand-cut cross sections were transferred into curved slides, washed thoroughly with deionized water and analyzed by CLSM (see below).
Approximately 1 mm-thick, hand-cut cross sections of the fixed samples were dehydrated through an ethanol series, infiltrated and embedded in Epon resin (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany).
