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Degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is a clinical hallmark of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness among aged people in the Western world.
Mitochondrial dysfunction, a hallmark of aging, is known to result in altered bioenergetics and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Another hallmark of aging is the body's loss of its ability to make new cells when old ones die, causing a progressive decline in organ function with age.
The focus of the first part of the article is on recent studies using cell-derived decellularized ECM, which strongly suggest that age-related changes in the ECM induce cellular senescence, a well-recognized hallmark of aging.
Loss of proteostasis has been proposed as a major hallmark of aging [11].
Conversely, the accumulation of altered proteins (proteostatic dysfunction) is a major hallmark of ageing [43].
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as another hallmark of aging [11].
Progressive accumulation of damaged and cross-linked proteins is a hallmark of aging tissues and has been proposed to play a major role in the tissue abnormalities associated with organismal aging and many age-related diseases.
Decreases in the global level of methylation along with a concomitant increase in promoter methylation has become a hallmark of age-associated epigenetic changes [5] [7], [40].
Obesity is a hallmark of aging in many Western societies, and is a precursor to numerous serious age-related diseases.
(Fig. 9) Age-dependent impairment of learning and memory is a hallmark of aging in complex organisms and is observed in many model systems, including Drosophila [24].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com