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Half the statements are phrased from a traditional perspective and thus are reverse scored where circling a 1 (strongly disagree) is scored as four points.
In good questionnaire design, where knowledge is being evaluated, half the statements need to be framed so that a positive response is correct, and half vice versa, thus prompting the respondents to think more carefully about their responses, so minimising bias or guessing [ 28].
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One point is awarded for each diagnostic answer, which is "agree" in one half of the statements and "disagree" in the other half (irrespective of whether "slightly" or "definitely"), therefore reducing the four point scale to dichotomous one, as proposed by Baron-Cohen et al. [ 14].
Additional instructions were then given, that half of the statements would be semantically intact (such that their meaning could be understood) and the remaining half would be scrambled (such that the order of the words would be mixed up and, thus, the propositional meaning obscured).
People are biased toward believing others, even in studies in which they are told explicitly that only half of the statements they will be judging are truths.
Carly Fiorina, another candidate in the Republican race who's never held elective office, does slightly better on the Truth-O-Meter (which I sometimes feel the need to remind people is not an actual scientific instrument): Half of the statements we've checked have proved Mostly False or worse.
And yet, in our statistical summary of more than 200 studies, Charles F. Bond Jr. and I found that participants still believed other people more often than they should have — 58percentt of the time in studies in which only half of the statements were truthful.
In the case when the cone is not necessarily normal, we have only one half of the statements of Lemmas??1 and??4 from [1].
Half of the statements evaluated by the managers scored differences of one point.
Even though the interviews clearly focused on management of physicians, nearly half of the statements did not deal with the managers' role in the manager-physician relationship.
However, a little less than half of the statements in the Processes (48%) and Outcomes (43%) categories were considered 'necessary' by the panel.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com